Template:Normal Distribution fisher matrix confidence bounds

Fisher Matrix Confidence Bounds

Bounds on the Parameters

The lower and upper bounds on the mean, [math]\displaystyle{ \widehat{\mu } }[/math] , are estimated from:

[math]\displaystyle{ \begin{align} & {{\mu }_{U}}= & \widehat{\mu }+{{K}_{\alpha }}\sqrt{Var(\widehat{\mu })}\text{ (upper bound),} \\ & {{\mu }_{L}}= & \widehat{\mu }-{{K}_{\alpha }}\sqrt{Var(\widehat{\mu })}\text{ (lower bound)}\text{.} \end{align} }[/math]

Since the standard deviation, [math]\displaystyle{ {{\widehat{\sigma }}} }[/math] , must be positive, [math]\displaystyle{ \ln ({{\widehat{\sigma }}}) }[/math] is treated as normally distributed, and the bounds are estimated from:

[math]\displaystyle{ \begin{align} & {{\sigma }_{U}}= & {{\widehat{\sigma }}}\cdot {{e}^{\tfrac{{{K}_{\alpha }}\sqrt{Var({{\widehat{\sigma }}})}}{{{\widehat{\sigma }}}}}}\text{ (upper bound),} \\ & {{\sigma }_{L}}= & \frac{{{\widehat{\sigma }}}}{{{e}^{\tfrac{{{K}_{\alpha }}\sqrt{Var({{\widehat{\sigma }}})}}{{{\widehat{\sigma }}}}}}}\text{ (lower bound),} \end{align} }[/math]

where [math]\displaystyle{ {{K}_{\alpha }} }[/math] is defined by:

[math]\displaystyle{ \alpha =\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi }}\int_{{{K}_{\alpha }}}^{\infty }{{e}^{-\tfrac{{{t}^{2}}}{2}}}dt=1-\Phi ({{K}_{\alpha }}) }[/math]

If [math]\displaystyle{ \delta }[/math] is the confidence level, then [math]\displaystyle{ \alpha =\tfrac{1-\delta }{2} }[/math] for the two-sided bounds and [math]\displaystyle{ \alpha =1-\delta }[/math] for the one-sided bounds. The variances and covariances of [math]\displaystyle{ \widehat{\mu } }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ {{\widehat{\sigma }}} }[/math] are estimated from the Fisher matrix, as follows:

[math]\displaystyle{ \left( \begin{matrix} \widehat{Var}\left( \widehat{\mu } \right) & \widehat{Cov}\left( \widehat{\mu },{{\widehat{\sigma }}} \right) \\ \widehat{Cov}\left( \widehat{\mu },{{\widehat{\sigma }}} \right) & \widehat{Var}\left( {{\widehat{\sigma }}} \right) \\ \end{matrix} \right)=\left( \begin{matrix} -\tfrac{{{\partial }^{2}}\Lambda }{\partial {{\mu }^{2}}} & -\tfrac{{{\partial }^{2}}\Lambda }{\partial \mu \partial {{\sigma }}} \\ {} & {} \\ -\tfrac{{{\partial }^{2}}\Lambda }{\partial \mu \partial {{\sigma }}} & -\tfrac{{{\partial }^{2}}\Lambda }{\partial \sigma^{2}} \\ \end{matrix} \right)_{\mu =\widehat{\mu },\sigma =\widehat{\sigma }}^{-1} }[/math]

[math]\displaystyle{ \Lambda }[/math] is the log-likelihood function of the normal distribution, described in Chapter Parameter Estimation and Appendix: Distribution Log-Likelihood Equations.

Bounds on Reliability

The reliability of the normal distribution is:

[math]\displaystyle{ \widehat{R}(t;\hat{\mu },{{\hat{\sigma }}})=\int_{t}^{\infty }\frac{1}{{{\widehat{\sigma }}}\sqrt{2\pi }}{{e}^{-\tfrac{1}{2}{{\left( \tfrac{t-\widehat{\mu }}{{{\widehat{\sigma }}}} \right)}^{2}}}}dt }[/math]

Let [math]\displaystyle{ \widehat{z}=\tfrac{t-\widehat{\mu }}{{{\widehat{\sigma }}}} }[/math], the above equation then becomes:

[math]\displaystyle{ \hat{R}(\widehat{z})=\int_{\widehat{z}(t)}^{\infty }\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi }}{{e}^{-\tfrac{1}{2}{{z}^{2}}}}dz }[/math]

The bounds on [math]\displaystyle{ z }[/math] are estimated from:

[math]\displaystyle{ \begin{align} & {{z}_{U}}= & \widehat{z}+{{K}_{\alpha }}\sqrt{Var(\widehat{z})} \\ & {{z}_{L}}= & \widehat{z}-{{K}_{\alpha }}\sqrt{Var(\widehat{z})} \end{align} }[/math]

where:

[math]\displaystyle{ Var(\widehat{z})={{\left( \frac{\partial \hat{z}}{\partial \mu } \right)}^{2}}Var(\widehat{\mu })+{{\left( \frac{\partial \hat{z}}{\partial {{\sigma }}} \right)}^{2}}Var({{\widehat{\sigma }}})+2\left( \frac{\partial \hat{z}}{\partial \mu } \right)\left( \frac{\partial \hat{z}}{\partial {{\sigma }}} \right)Cov\left( \widehat{\mu },{{\widehat{\sigma }}} \right) }[/math]

or:

[math]\displaystyle{ Var(\widehat{z})=\frac{1}{\widehat{\sigma }^{2}}\left[ Var(\widehat{\mu })+{{\widehat{z}}^{2}}Var({{\widehat{\sigma }}})+2\cdot \widehat{z}\cdot Cov\left( \widehat{\mu },{{\widehat{\sigma }}} \right) \right] }[/math]

The upper and lower bounds on reliability are:

[math]\displaystyle{ \begin{align} & {{R}_{U}}= & \int_{{{z}_{L}}}^{\infty }\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi }}{{e}^{-\tfrac{1}{2}{{z}^{2}}}}dz\text{ (upper bound)} \\ & {{R}_{L}}= & \int_{{{z}_{U}}}^{\infty }\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi }}{{e}^{-\tfrac{1}{2}{{z}^{2}}}}dz\text{ (lower bound)} \end{align} }[/math]

Bounds on Time

The bounds around time for a given normal percentile (unreliability) are estimated by first solving the reliability equation with respect to time, as follows:

[math]\displaystyle{ \hat{T}(\widehat{\mu },{{\widehat{\sigma }}})=\widehat{\mu }+z\cdot {{\widehat{\sigma }}} }[/math]

where:

[math]\displaystyle{ z={{\Phi }^{-1}}\left[ F(T) \right] }[/math]

and:

[math]\displaystyle{ \Phi (z)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi }}\int_{-\infty }^{z}{{e}^{-\tfrac{1}{2}{{z}^{2}}}}dz }[/math]

The next step is to calculate the variance of [math]\displaystyle{ \hat{T}(\widehat{\mu },{{\widehat{\sigma }}}) }[/math] or:

[math]\displaystyle{ \begin{align} Var(\hat{T})= & {{\left( \frac{\partial \hat{T}}{\partial \mu } \right)}^{2}}Var(\widehat{\mu })+{{\left( \frac{\partial \hat{T}}{\partial {{\sigma }}} \right)}^{2}}Var({{\widehat{\sigma }}}) \\ & +2\left( \frac{\partial \hat{T}}{\partial \mu } \right)\left( \frac{\partial \hat{T}}{\partial {{\sigma }}} \right)Cov\left( \widehat{\mu },{{\widehat{\sigma }}} \right) \\ Var(\hat{T})= & Var(\widehat{\mu })+{{\widehat{z}}^{2}}Var({{\widehat{\sigma }}})+2\cdot z\cdot Cov\left( \widehat{\mu },{{\widehat{\sigma }}} \right) \end{align} }[/math]

The upper and lower bounds are then found by:

[math]\displaystyle{ \begin{align} & {{T}_{U}}= & \hat{T}+{{K}_{\alpha }}\sqrt{Var(\hat{T})}\text{ (upper bound)} \\ & {{T}_{L}}= & \hat{T}-{{K}_{\alpha }}\sqrt{Var(\hat{T})}\text{ (lower bound)} \end{align} }[/math]