Simulation with RGA Models

Additional Tools

Design of Reliability Tests for Repairable Systems

RGA 7 provides a new utility that allows you to design reliability demonstration tests for repairable systems. For example, you may want to design a test to demonstrate a specific cumulative MTBF for a specific operating period at a specific confidence level for a repairable system. The same applies for demonstration of an instantaneous MTBF or cumulative and instantaneous failure intensity at a given time [math]\displaystyle{ t. }[/math]

Underlying Theory

The failure process in a repairable system is considered to be a non-homogeneous poisson process (NHPP) with power law failure intensity. The instantaneous failure intensity at time [math]\displaystyle{ t }[/math] is:

[math]\displaystyle{ {{\lambda }_{i}}\left( t \right)=\lambda \beta {{t}^{\beta -1}}={{\lambda }_{c}}\left( t \right)\beta }[/math]

So, the cumulative failure intensity at time [math]\displaystyle{ t }[/math] is:

[math]\displaystyle{ {{\lambda }_{c}}\left( t \right)=\lambda {{t}^{\beta -1}}=\frac{{{\lambda }_{i}}\left( t \right)}{\beta } }[/math]

The instantaneous MTTF is:

[math]\displaystyle{ \begin{align} & MTT{{F}_{i}}\left( t \right)= & \frac{1}{{{\lambda }_{i\left( t \right)}}} \\ & = & \frac{1}{\lambda \beta }{{t}^{1-\beta }} \\ & = & \frac{MTT{{F}_{c}}\left( t \right)}{\beta } \end{align} }[/math]

The cumulative MTBF at time is:

[math]\displaystyle{ MTB{{F}_{c}}\left( \beta \right)=\frac{1}{{{\lambda }_{c}}\left( t \right)}=\frac{1}{\lambda }{{t}^{1-\beta }}=MTT{{F}_{i}}\left( t \right)\beta }[/math]

The relation between confidence level, required test time, number of systems under test and the allowed total number of failures in the test is:

[math]\displaystyle{ 1-CL=\underset{i=0}{\overset{r}{\mathop \sum }}\,\frac{{{\left( m\lambda {{T}^{\beta }} \right)}^{i}}\exp (-m\lambda {{T}^{\beta }})}{i!} }[/math]

where:

• [math]\displaystyle{ T }[/math] is the total test time for each system.
• [math]\displaystyle{ m }[/math] is the number of systems under test.
• [math]\displaystyle{ r }[/math] is the number of allowed failures in the test.
• [math]\displaystyle{ CL }[/math] is the confidence level.
Given any three of the parameters, Eqn. (Cumulative poisson) can be solved for the fourth unknown parameter. Note that when [math]\displaystyle{ \beta =1, }[/math] the number of failures is a homogeneous Poisson process and the time between failures is given by the exponential distribution.

Example 3

The objective is to design a test to demonstrate that the number of failures per system in five years is less than or equal to 10. In other words, demonstrate that the cumulative MTBF for a repairable system is less than or equal to 0.5 during a five year operating period, with 80% confidence level. Assume [math]\displaystyle{ \beta =1.5 }[/math] , the number of systems for the test is [math]\displaystyle{ m=6 }[/math] and the number of allowed failures in the test is [math]\displaystyle{ r=2. }[/math]

Solution

Since the given requirement is number of failures, we transfer the requirement to cumulative MTBF or cumulative failure intensity.

[math]\displaystyle{ MTBF_c=\frac{5}{10}=0.5 year }[/math]

Then:

[math]\displaystyle{ {{\lambda }_{c}}=\frac{1}{MTB{{F}_{c}}}=2\text{ }failures/\ \ year }[/math]

From Eqn. (lambda(c) (t)), we can then solve for [math]\displaystyle{ \lambda }[/math] :

[math]\displaystyle{ {{\lambda }_{c}}\left( t \right)=\lambda {{t}^{\beta -1}} }[/math]

For the five year period:

[math]\displaystyle{ {{\lambda }_{c}}\left( 5 \right)=\lambda \cdot {{5}^{\beta -1}} }[/math]

Using the values of [math]\displaystyle{ \lambda }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ \beta }[/math] , we have:

[math]\displaystyle{ 2=\lambda \cdot {{5}^{1.5-1}} }[/math]

Then solving for [math]\displaystyle{ \lambda }[/math] yields:

[math]\displaystyle{ \lambda =0.894 }[/math]

Using Eqn. (Cumulative poisson), we can then solve for the required test time, [math]\displaystyle{ T, }[/math] for each system:

[math]\displaystyle{ 1-CL=\underset{i=0}{\overset{r}{\mathop \sum }}\,\frac{{{\left( m\lambda {{T}^{\beta }} \right)}^{i}}\exp (-m\lambda {{T}^{\beta }})}{i!} }[/math]

or:

[math]\displaystyle{ 1-0.8=\underset{i=0}{\overset{2}{\mathop \sum }}\,\frac{{{\left( 6\cdot 0.894\cdot {{T}^{1.5}} \right)}^{i}}\exp (-6\cdot 0.894\cdot {{T}^{1.5}})}{i!} }[/math]

or:

[math]\displaystyle{ 0.2=exp (-6\cdot 0.894\cdot T^1.5)+ }[/math]

[math]\displaystyle{ \frac{(6\cdot 0.894\cdot T^1.5)^1 exp(-6\cdot 0.894\cdot T^1.5)}{1!} }[/math]

[math]\displaystyle{ +\frac{6\cdot 0.894\cdot T^1.5)^2 exp(-6\cdot 0.894\cdot T^1.5)}{2!} }[/math]

Solving Eqn. (Example 1 equation poisson) numerically yields:

[math]\displaystyle{ T=0.859 }[/math]

In other words, for this example we have to test for 0.859 years to demonstrate that the number of failures per system in five years is less than or equal to 10. The same result can be obtained in RGA 7, by using the Design of Reliability Tests (DRT) tool. Figure drt0 shows the calculated required test time per unit of 0.859 on the inputs of the example.

Calculated test time per unit for the demonstration test.

Example 4

At the end of a reliability growth testing program, a manufacturer wants to demonstrate that a new product has achieved an MTBF of 10,000 hours with 80% confidence. The available time for the demonstration test is 4,000 hours for each test unit. Assuming zero failures are allowed, what is the required number of units to be tested in order to demonstrate the desired MTBF?

Solution

Using the Design of Reliability Tests (DRT) tool in RGA 7, the required number of units can be obtained. Since this is a demonstration test then [math]\displaystyle{ \beta =1 }[/math] , and no growth will be achieved. The results are shown in Figure DRTx2. It can be seen that in order to demonstrate a 10,000 hours MTBF with 80% confidence, 5 test units will be required.

[math]\displaystyle{ }[/math]

Calculated number of units for the demonstration test.

Combinations of test time and number of units for different numbers of allowable failures.

Figure DRT1x2 shows the different combinations of test time per unit and number of units in the test for different numbers of allowable failures. It helps to visually examine other possible test scenarios.