Template:PH Model

Proportional Hazards Model

Introduced by D. R. Cox, the Proportional Hazards (PH) model was developed in order to estimate the effects of different covariates influencing the times-to-failure of a system. The model has been widely used in the biomedical field [22], and recently there has been an increasing interest in its application in reliability engineering. In its original form, the model is non-parametric, i.e. no assumptions are made about the nature or shape of the underlying failure distribution. In this reference, the original non-parametric formulation as well as a parametric form of the model will be considered utilizing a Weibull life distribution. In ALTA, the proportional hazards model is included in its parametric form and can be used to analyze data with up to eight variables. The GLL-Weibull and GLL-exponential models are actually special cases of the proportional hazards model. However, when using the proportional hazards in ALTA, no transformation on the covariates (or stresses) can be performed.

Non-Parametric Model Formulation

According to the PH model, the failure rate of a system is affected not only by its operation time, but also by the covariates under which it operates. For example, a unit may have been tested under a combination of different accelerated stresses such as humidity, temperature, voltage, etc. It is clear then that such factors affect the failure rate of a unit.

The instantaneous failure rate (or hazard rate) of a unit is given by:

[math]\displaystyle{ \lambda (t)=\frac{f(t)}{R(t)} }[/math]

where:
• [math]\displaystyle{ f(t) }[/math] is the probability density function.
• [math]\displaystyle{ R(t) }[/math] is the reliability function. Note that for the case of the failure rate of a unit being dependent not only on time but also on other covariates, the above equation must be modified in order to be a function of time and of the covariates. The proportional hazards model assumes that the failure rate (hazard rate) of a unit is the product of:
• an arbitrary and unspecified baseline failure rate, [math]\displaystyle{ {{\lambda }_{0}}(t), }[/math] which is a function of time only.
• a positive function [math]\displaystyle{ g(x,\underline{A}) }[/math] , independent of time, which incorporates the effects of a number of covariates such as humidity, temperature, pressure, voltage, etc.

The failure rate of a unit is then given by:

[math]\displaystyle{ \lambda (t,\underline{X})={{\lambda }_{0}}(t)\cdot g(\underline{X},\underline{A}) }[/math]

where:

[math]\displaystyle{ \underline{X} }[/math] is a row vector consisting of the covariates:

[math]\displaystyle{ \underline{X}=({{x}_{1}},{{x}_{2}},...,{{x}_{m}}) }[/math]

[math]\displaystyle{ \underline{A} }[/math] is a column vector consisting of the unknown parameters (also called regression parameters) of the model:

[math]\displaystyle{ \underline{A}={{({{a}_{1}},{{a}_{2}},...{{a}_{m}})}^{T}} }[/math]

where:

[math]\displaystyle{ \quad \quad m }[/math] = number of stress related variates (time-independent).

It can be assumed that the form of [math]\displaystyle{ g(\underline{X},\underline{A}) }[/math] is known and [math]\displaystyle{ {{\lambda }_{0}}(t) }[/math] is unspecified. Different forms of [math]\displaystyle{ g(\underline{X},\underline{A}) }[/math] can be used.

However, the exponential form is mostly used due to its simplicity and is given by:

[math]\displaystyle{ g(\underline{X},\underline{A})={{e}^{{{\underline{A}}^{T}}{{\underline{X}}^{T}}}}={{e}^{\mathop{}_{j=1}^{m}{{a}_{j}}{{x}_{j}}}} }[/math]

The failure rate can then be written as:

[math]\displaystyle{ \lambda (t,\underline{X})={{\lambda }_{0}}(t)\cdot {{e}^{\mathop{}_{j=1}^{m}{{a}_{j}}{{x}_{j}}}} }[/math]

Parametric Model Formulation

A parametric form of the proportional hazards model can be obtained by assuming an underlying distribution. In ALTA PRO, the Weibull and exponential distributions are available. In this section we will consider the Weibull distribution to formulate the parametric proportional hazards model. In other words, it is assumed that the baseline failure rate in Eqn. (Prop. Failure Rate) is parametric and given by the Weibull distribution. In this case, the baseline failure rate is given by:

[math]\displaystyle{ {{\lambda }_{0}}(t)=\frac{\beta }{\eta }{{\left( \frac{t}{\eta } \right)}^{\beta -1}} }[/math]

The PH failure rate then becomes:

[math]\displaystyle{ \lambda (t,\underline{X})=\frac{\beta }{\eta }{{\left( \frac{t}{\eta } \right)}^{\beta -1}}\cdot {{e}^{\mathop{}_{j=1}^{m}{{a}_{j}}{{x}_{j}}}} }[/math]

It is often more convenient to define an additional covariate, [math]\displaystyle{ {{x}_{0}} }[/math] = 1, in order to allow the Weibull scale parameter raised to the beta (shape parameter) to be included in the vector of regression coefficients. The PH failure rate can then be written as:

[math]\displaystyle{ \lambda (t,\underline{X})=\beta \cdot {{t}^{\beta -1}}\cdot {{e}^{\mathop{}_{j=0}^{m}{{a}_{j}}{{x}_{j}}}} }[/math]

The PH reliability function is given by:

[math]\displaystyle{ \begin{align} & R(t,\underline{X})= & {{e}^{-\mathop{}_{0}^{t}\lambda (u)du}} \\ & = & {{e}^{-\mathop{}_{0}^{t}\lambda (u,\underline{X})du}} \\ & = & {{e}^{-{{t}^{\beta }}\cdot {{e}^{\mathop{}_{j=0}^{m}{{a}_{j}}{{x}_{j}}}}}} \end{align} }[/math]

The [math]\displaystyle{ pdf }[/math] can be obtained by taking the partial derivative of the reliability function given by Eqn. (PH Rel) with respect to time. The PH [math]\displaystyle{ pdf }[/math] is:

[math]\displaystyle{ \begin{align} & f(t,\underline{X})= & \lambda (t,\underline{X})\cdot R(t,\underline{X}) \\ & = & \beta \cdot {{t}^{\beta -1}}{{e}^{\left[ \mathop{}_{j=0}^{m}{{a}_{j}}{{x}_{j}}-{{t}^{\beta }}\cdot {{e}^{\mathop{}_{j=0}^{m}{{a}_{j}}{{x}_{j}}}} \right]}} \end{align} }[/math]

The total number of unknowns to solve for in this model is [math]\displaystyle{ m+2 }[/math] (i.e. [math]\displaystyle{ \beta ,\eta ,{{a}_{0}},{{a}_{1}},...{{a}_{m}}). }[/math]
The maximum likelihood estimation method can be used to determine these parameters. The log-likelihood function for this case is given by:

[math]\displaystyle{ \begin{align} & \ln (L)= & \Lambda =\underset{i=1}{\overset{{{F}_{e}}}{\mathop \sum }}\,{{N}_{i}}\ln \left( \beta \cdot T_{i}^{\beta -1}{{e}^{-T_{i}^{\beta }\cdot {{e}^{\mathop{}_{j=0}^{m}{{a}_{j}}{{x}_{i,j}}}}}}{{e}^{\mathop{}_{j=0}^{m}{{a}_{j}}{{x}_{i,j}}}} \right) \\ & & -\underset{i=1}{\overset{S}{\mathop \sum }}\,N_{i}^{\prime }{{\left( T_{i}^{\prime } \right)}^{\beta }}{{e}^{\mathop{}_{j=0}^{m}{{a}_{j}}{{x}_{i,j}}}}+\overset{FI}{\mathop{\underset{i=1}{\mathop{\underset{}{\overset{}{\mathop \sum }}\,}}\,}}\,N_{i}^{\prime \prime }\ln [R_{Li}^{\prime \prime }-R_{Ri}^{\prime \prime }] \end{align} }[/math]

where:

[math]\displaystyle{ \begin{align} & R_{Li}^{\prime \prime }= & {{e}^{-T_{Li}^{\prime \prime \beta }{{e}^{\underset{j=0}{\mathop{\overset{n}{\mathop{\mathop{}_{}^{}}}\,}}\,{{\alpha }_{j}}{{x}_{j}}}}}} \\ & R_{Ri}^{\prime \prime }= & {{e}^{-T_{Ri}^{\prime \prime \beta }{{e}^{\underset{j=0}{\mathop{\overset{n}{\mathop{\mathop{}_{}^{}}}\,}}\,{{\alpha }_{j}}{{x}_{j}}}}}} \end{align} }[/math]

Solving for the parameters that maximize Eqn. (PH LKV) will yield the parameters for the PH-Weibull model. Note that for [math]\displaystyle{ \beta }[/math] = 1, Eqn. (PH LKV) becomes the likelihood function for the PH-exponential model, which is similar to the original form of the proportional hazards model proposed by Cox [28].
Note that the likelihood function given by Eqn. (GLL-LK) is very similar to the likelihood function for the proportional hazards-Weibull model given by Eqn. (PH LKV). In particular, the shape parameter of the Weibull distribution can be included in the regression coefficients of Eqn. (13) as follows:

[math]\displaystyle{ {{a}_{i,PH}}=-\beta \cdot {{a}_{i,GLL}} }[/math]

where:

• [math]\displaystyle{ {{a}_{i,PH}} }[/math] are the parameters of the PH model.

• [math]\displaystyle{ {{a}_{i,GLL}} }[/math] are the parameters of the general log-linear model.

In this case, the likelihood functions given by Eqns. (PH LKV) and (GLL-LK) are identical. Therefore, if no transformation on the covariates is performed, the parameter values that maximize Eqn. (GLL-LK) also maximize the likelihood function for the proportional hazards-Weibull (PHW) model with parameters given by Eqn. (GLL Parameters). Note that for [math]\displaystyle{ \beta }[/math] = 1 (exponential life distribution), Eqns. (PH LKV) and (GLL-LK) are identical, and [math]\displaystyle{ {{a}_{i,PH}}=-{{a}_{i,GLL}}. }[/math]