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== Weibull-Bayesian Analysis ==
#REDIRECT [[Bayesian-Weibull_Analysis]]
In this section, the Bayesian methods are presented for the two-parameter Weibull distribution. Bayesian concepts were introduced in Chapter [[Parameter Estimation]]. This model considers prior knowledge on the shape (<span class="texhtml">β</span>) parameter of the Weibull distribution when it is chosen to be fitted to a given set of data. There are many practical applications for this model, particularly when dealing with small sample sizes and some prior knowledge for the shape parameter is available. For example, when a test is performed, there is often a good understanding about the behavior of the failure mode under investigation, primarily through historical data. At the same time, most reliability tests are performed on a limited number of samples. Under these conditions, it would be very useful to use this prior knowledge with the goal of making more accurate predictions. A common approach for such scenarios is to use the one-parameter Weibull distribution, but this approach is too deterministic, too absolute you may say (and you would be right). The Weibull-Bayesian model in Weibull++ (which is actually a true "WeiBayes" model, unlike the one-parameter Weibull that is commonly referred to as such) offers an alternative to the one-parameter Weibull, by including the variation and uncertainty that might have been observed in the past on the shape parameter. Applying Bayes's rule on the two-parameter Weibull distribution and assuming the prior distributions of <span class="texhtml">β</span> and <span class="texhtml">η</span> are independent, we obtain the following posterior :
 
::<math> f(\beta ,\eta |Data)=\dfrac{L(\beta ,\eta )\varphi (\beta )\varphi (\eta )}{ \int\nolimits_{0}^{\infty }\int\nolimits_{0}^{\infty }L(\beta ,\eta )\varphi (\beta )\varphi (\eta )d\eta d\beta } </math>
 
In this model, <span class="texhtml">η</span> is assumed to follow a noninformative prior distribution with the density function <math> \varphi (\eta )=\dfrac{1}{\eta } </math>. This is called Jeffrey's prior, and is obtained by performing a logarithmic transformation on <span class="texhtml">η.</span> Specifically, since <span class="texhtml">η</span> is always positive, we can assume that ln(<span class="texhtml">η)</span> follows a uniform distribution, <span class="texhtml">''U''( − ∞, + ∞).</span> Applying Jeffrey's rule [[Appendix: Weibull References|[9]]] which says "in general, an approximate non-informative prior is taken proportional to the square root of Fisher's information", yields <math> \varphi (\eta )=\dfrac{1}{\eta }. </math>
 
The prior distribution of <span class="texhtml">β</span>, denoted as <math> \varphi (\beta ) </math>, can be selected from the following distributions: normal, lognormal, exponential and uniform. The procedure of performing a Weibull-Bayesian analysis is as follows: 
 
:*Collect the times-to-failure data.
:*Specify a prior distribution for <span class="texhtml">β</span> (the prior for <span class="texhtml">η</span> is assumed to be 1/<span class="texhtml">η).</span>
:*Obtain the posterior  from the above equation.
 
In other words, a distribution (the posterior ) is obtained, rather than a point estimate as in classical statistics (i.e., as in the parameter estimation methods described previously in this chapter). Therefore, if a point estimate needs to be reported, a point of the posterior  needs to be calculated. Typical points of the posterior distribution used are the mean (expected value) or median.  In Weibull++, both options are available and can be chosen from the ''Analysis'' page, under the ''Results As'' area, as shown next.
 
[[Image:Weibull Distribution Wei-Bayesian for Choose Mean and Median.png|thumb|center|200px| ]]
 
The expected value of <span class="texhtml">β</span> is obtained by: 
::<math> E(\beta )=\int\nolimits_{0}^{\infty }\int\nolimits_{0}^{\infty }\beta \cdot f(\beta ,\eta |Data)d\beta d\eta </math>
 
Similarly, the expected value of <span class="texhtml">η</span> is obtained by: 
::<math> E(\eta )=\int\nolimits_{0}^{\infty }\int\nolimits_{0}^{\infty }\eta \cdot f(\beta ,\eta |Data)d\beta d\eta </math>
 
The median points are obtained by solving the following equations for <math> \breve{\beta} </math> and <math> \breve{\eta} </math> respectively:
 
::<math> \int\nolimits_{0}^{\infty }\int\nolimits_{0}^{\breve{\beta}}f(\beta ,\eta |Data)d\beta d\eta =0.5 </math>
 
and
 
::<math> \int\nolimits_{0}^{\breve{\eta}}\int\nolimits_{0}^{\infty }f(\beta ,\eta |Data)d\beta d\eta =0.5 </math>
 
Of course, other points of the posterior distribution can be calculated as well. For example, one may want to calculate the 10th percentile of the joint posterior distribution (w.r.t. one of the parameters). The procedure for obtaining other points of the posterior distribution is similar to the one for obtaining the median values, where instead of 0.5 the percentage of interest is given. This procedure actually provides the confidence bounds on the parameters, which in the Bayesian framework are called ‘‘Credible Bounds‘‘. However, since the engineering interpretation is the same, and to avoid confusion, we refer to them as confidence bounds in this reference and in Weibull++.
 
=== Posterior Distributions for Functions of Parameters ===
As explained in Chpater [[Parameter Estimation]], in Bayesian analysis, all the functions of the parameters are distributed. In other words, a posterior distribution is obtained for functions such as reliability and failure rate, instead of point estimate as in classical statistics. Therefore, in order to obtain a point estimate for these functions, a point on the posterior distributions needs to be calculated. Again, the expected value (mean) or median value are used.
 
'''<math>pdf</math> of the Times-to-Failure'''
 
The posterior distribution of the failure time  is given by:
 
::<math> f(T|Data)=\int\nolimits_{0}^{\infty }\int\nolimits_{0}^{\infty }f(T,\beta ,\eta )f(\beta ,\eta |Data)d\eta d\beta </math>
 
where:
 
::<math> f(T,\beta ,\eta )=\dfrac{\beta }{\eta }\left( \dfrac{T}{\eta }\right) ^{\beta -1}e^{-\left( \dfrac{T}{\eta }\right) ^{\beta }} </math>
 
For the <math>pdf</math> of the times-to-failure, only the expected value is calculated and reported in Weibull++.
 
'''Reliability'''
 
In order to calculate the median value of the reliability function, we first need to obtain posterior  of the reliability. Since <span class="texhtml">''R''(''T'')</span> is a function of <span class="texhtml">β</span>, the density functions of <span class="texhtml">β</span> and <span class="texhtml">''R''(''T'')</span> have the following relationship:
 
::<math> \begin{align} f(R|Data,T)dR = & f(\beta |Data)d\beta)\\
          = & (\int\nolimits_{0}^{\infty }f(\beta ,\eta |Data)d{\eta}) d{\beta} \\
=& \dfrac{\int\nolimits_{0}^{\infty }L(\beta ,\eta )\varphi (\beta )\varphi (\eta )d\eta }{\int\nolimits_{0}^{\infty }\int\nolimits_{0}^{\infty }L(\beta ,\eta )\varphi (\beta )\varphi (\eta )d\eta d\beta }d\beta       
\end{align}</math> 
 
The median value of the reliability is obtained by solving the following equation w.r.t. <math> \breve{R}: </math>
 
::<math> \int\nolimits_{0}^{\breve{R}}f(R|Data,T)dR=0.5 </math>
 
The expected value of the reliability at time  is given by:
 
::<math> R(T|Data)=\int\nolimits_{0}^{\infty }\int\nolimits_{0}^{\infty }R(T,\beta ,\eta )f(\beta ,\eta |Data)d\eta d\beta </math>
 
where:
 
::<math> R(T,\beta ,\eta )=e^{-\left( \dfrac{T}{\eta }\right) ^{^{\beta }}} </math>
 
<br>
'''Failure Rate'''
 
The failure rate at time  is given by:
 
::<math> \lambda (T|Data)=\dfrac{\int\nolimits_{0}^{\infty }\int\nolimits_{0}^{\infty }\lambda (T,\beta ,\eta )L(\beta ,\eta )\varphi (\eta )\varphi (\beta )d\eta d\beta }{\int\nolimits_{0}^{\infty }\int\nolimits_{0}^{\infty }L(\beta ,\eta )\varphi (\eta )\varphi (\beta )d\eta d\beta } </math>
 
where:
 
::<math> \lambda (T,\beta ,\eta )=\dfrac{\beta }{\eta }\left( \dfrac{T}{\eta }\right) ^{\beta -1} </math>
 
<br>
 
=== Note on Calculated Results ===
As mentioned above, in order to obtain point estimates for the parameters of functions of the parameters in Bayesian analysis, the Median or Mean values of the different posterior <math>pdf</math>s are calculated. It is important to note that the Median value is preferable and is the default in Weibull++. This is because the Median value always corresponds to the 50th percentile of the distribution. On the other hand, the Mean is not a fixed point on the distribution, which could cause issues, especially when comparing results across different data sets.
 
=== Bounds on Reliability ===
The confidence bounds calculation under the Weibull-Bayesian analysis is very similar to the Bayesian Confidence Bounds method described in the previous section, with the exception that in the case of the Weibull-Bayesian Analysis the specified prior of <span class="texhtml">β</span> is considered instead of an non-informative prior. The Bayesian one-sided upper bound estimate for <span class="texhtml">''R''(''T'')</span> is given by:
 
::<math> \int\nolimits_{0}^{R_{U}(T)}f(R|Data,t)dR=CL </math>
 
Using the posterior distribution, the following is obtained:
 
::<math> \dfrac{\int\nolimits_{0}^{\infty }\int\nolimits_{t\exp (-\dfrac{\ln (-\ln R_{U})}{\beta })}^{\infty }L(\beta ,\eta )\varphi (\beta )\varphi (\eta )d\eta d\beta }{\int\nolimits_{0}^{\infty }\int\nolimits_{0}^{\infty }L(\beta ,\eta )\varphi (\beta )\varphi (\eta )d\eta d\beta }=CL </math>
 
The above equation can be solved for <span class="texhtml">''R''<sub>''U''</sub>(''t'')</span>. The Bayesian one-sided lower bound estimate for <math> \ R(t) </math> is given by:
 
::<math> \int\nolimits_{0}^{R_{L}(t)}f(R|Data,t)dR=1-CL </math>
 
Using the posterior distribution, the following is obtained:
 
::<math> \dfrac{\int\nolimits_{0}^{\infty }\int\nolimits_{0}^{T\exp (-\dfrac{\ln (-\ln R_{L})}{\beta })}L(\beta ,\eta )\varphi (\beta )\varphi (\eta )d\eta d\beta }{\int\nolimits_{0}^{\infty }\int\nolimits_{0}^{\infty }L(\beta ,\eta )\varphi (\beta )\varphi (\eta )d\eta d\beta }=1-CL </math>
 
The above equation can be solved for <span class="texhtml">''R''<sub>''L''</sub>(''t'')</span>. The Bayesian two-sided bounds estimate for <span class="texhtml">''R''(''t'')</span> is given by:
 
::<math> \int\nolimits_{R_{L}(t)}^{R_{U}(t)}f(R|Data,t)dR=CL </math> which is equivalent to:
 
::<math> \int\nolimits_{0}^{R_{U}(t)}f(R|Data,t)dR=(1+CL)/2 </math>
 
and
 
::<math> \int\nolimits_{0}^{R_{L}(t)}f(R|Data,T)dR=(1-CL)/2 </math>
 
Using the same method for one-sided bounds, <span class="texhtml">''R''<sub>''U''</sub>(''t'')</span>and <span class="texhtml">''R''<sub>''L''</sub>(''t'')</span> can be computed.
 
=== Bounds on Time ===
Following the same procedure described for bounds on Reliability, the bounds of time  can be calculated, given . The Bayesian one-sided upper bound estimate for <span class="texhtml">''T''(''R'')</span> is given by:
 
::<math> \int\nolimits_{0}^{T_{U}(R)}f(T|Data,R)dT=CL </math>
 
Using the posterior distribution, the following is obtained:
 
::<math> \dfrac{\int\nolimits_{0}^{\infty }\int\nolimits_{0}^{T_{U}\exp (-\dfrac{\ln (-\ln R)}{\beta })}L(\beta ,\eta )\varphi (\beta )\varphi (\eta )d\eta d\beta }{\int\nolimits_{0}^{\infty }\int\nolimits_{0}^{\infty }L(\beta ,\eta )\varphi (\beta )\varphi (\eta )d\eta d\beta }=CL </math>
 
The above equation can be solved for <span class="texhtml">''T''<sub>''U''</sub>(''R'')</span>. The Bayesian one-sided lower bound estimate for <span class="texhtml">''T''(''R'')</span> is given by:
 
::<math> \int\nolimits_{0}^{T_{L}(R)}f(T|Data,R)dT=1-CL </math>
 
or:
 
::<math> \dfrac{\int\nolimits_{0}^{\infty }\int\nolimits_{T_{L}\exp (\dfrac{-\ln (-\ln R)}{\beta })}^{\infty }L(\beta ,\eta )\varphi (\beta )\varphi (\eta )d\eta d\beta }{\int\nolimits_{0}^{\infty }\int\nolimits_{0}^{\infty }L(\beta ,\eta )\varphi (\beta )\varphi (\eta )d\eta d\beta }=CL </math>
 
The above equation can be solved for <span class="texhtml">''T''<sub>''L''</sub>(''R'')</span>. The Bayesian two-sided lower bounds estimate for <span class="texhtml">''T''(''R'')</span> is:
 
::<math> \int\nolimits_{T_{L}(R)}^{T_{U}(R)}f(T|Data,R)dT=CL </math>
 
which is equivalent to:
 
::<math> \int\nolimits_{0}^{T_{U}(R)}f(T|Data,R)dT=(1+CL)/2 </math>
 
and:
 
::<math> \int\nolimits_{0}^{T_{L}(R)}f(T|Data,R)dT=(1-CL)/2 </math>
 
<br>
'''Example 6:'''
{{Example: Wei-Bayesian Log-normal Prior}}

Latest revision as of 03:18, 10 August 2012

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